Breakfast Cereals Marketed To Children Are Getting Worse

The Study

Breakfast cereals are a common choice for school age children because they are quick and easy to prepare. This interesting study analyzed the nutritional quality of breakfast cereals marketed to children in 2010 and compared it to cereals marketed to children in 2023. 

The results were not great:

Total fat increased by 33.6%

Sodium increased by 32.1%

Sugar increased by 10.9%

Protein decreased by 14%

Fiber decreased by 23%

JAMA Network Open 2025;8:e2511699

Take Home Message

Breakfast cereals marketed to children have always been a nutritional disaster and seem to be getting worse. These are not a good choice for a young person starting their day. If you love cereal as a breakfast for your kid, old fashioned oatmeal, as a hot or cold cereal, is a much better option.

The Mediterranean Diet Pyramid At 30 Years

The Study

It has been 30 years since the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid was first published. A recent review article summarized the research examining the effect of this approach on a variety of health outcomes. In both randomized trials and cohort studies, this diet has been shown to reduce the risk of heart disease, total mortality, cancer mortality, stroke, type 2 diabetes and dementia.

 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2025;122:17-28

Take Home Message

The research literature has consistently shown the Mediterranean diet to be outstanding at reducing the risk of chronic disease. It is the diet I recommend to my clients and the one I consume myself and feed to my family.

The base of the Mediterranea Diet Pyramid consists of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds and olive oil. These should be the most commonly eaten foods.

The next level up you find fish and seafood, which you can eat often.

After that comes poultry, eggs, cheese and yogurt, which you eat in moderate portions.

The top of the pyramid is red meat and sweets, which are strictly limited.

 

A Tool To Measure Your 10 Year Risk of Heart Disease And Stroke

When it comes to heart disease and stroke, prevention is critical. Reducing cardiovascular risk factors with lifestyle change and/or medication is very effective at reducing risk. There is a really nice tool to assess your 10 year odds of heart disease and stroke that is free to use. It is called the ASCVD Risk Estimator and you can find it here:

https://tools.acc.org/ascvd-risk-estimator-plus/#!/calculate/estimate/

You will need a number of lab values to fill out this assessment, so make sure to have handy your most recent blood work. 

This includes: total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and blood pressure.

Once you plug in all of the data you will get a score that estimates your chance of having a cardiovascular event in the next 10 years. 

Here is what the number says about your 10 year risk of having a heart attack or stroke:

Less than 5% = Low risk

5-7.4% = Borderline risk

7.5-19.9% = Intermediate risk

Greater than 20% = High risk

With this information, you and your doctor can come up with a plan combining lifestyle modifications and medications to lower your risk and help prevent a cardiovascular event. Take advantage of this free tool and find out your ASCVD score.

What Are The Biggest Sources Of Sodium In The American Diet?

If you are trying to cut down on the salt in your diet, it is good to know where it might be coming from. Here are the top 10 sources of sodium in the American diet according to the Center for Disease Control.

Bread and rolls

Pizza

Sandwiches

Cold cuts and cured meats

Soups

Burritos and tacos

Savory snacks like chips, popcorn, pretzels and crackers

Chicken

Cheese

Eggs and omelets

Olive Oil And Weight Gain

The Study

Olive oil has been inversely associated with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and total mortality in the research literature. However, because it is so calorie dense, many limit consumption for fear of weight gain.

In this interesting study, Harvard University looked at olive oil consumption and 4 year weight gain in 121,119 members of the Nurses’ Health Study, Nurses Health Study II and Health Professional Follow-up Study. Subjects were followed for a minimum of 20 years.

The results showed that each ½ tablespoon of olive oil per day was inversely associated with body weight.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2025;121:1149-56

Take Home Message

In this cohort, olive oil consumption did not contribute to weight gain, but surprisingly was associated with weight loss. The researchers believed that the monounsaturated fats in olive oil increased satiety and thermogenesis in these subjects. This would explain the positive impact that olive oil had on their body weight.

You don’t need to limit olive oil if you are trying to manage your weight. It is one of the healthiest fats you can eat, so include it in your diet often.

Obesity And Immune Function

The Study

Obesity has been hypothesized to have a negative impact on immune function. In this interesting study, 24 obese and 31 normal weight subjects were fed a standardized diet for 4 weeks and then had a variety of immune factors tested. The subjects were put on the same diet because what we eat can influence our immune system.

The results showed that measures of immune function such as C-reactive protein, T cell activity and white blood cell counts were significantly worse in the obese subjects.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2025;121:1315-27

Take Home Message

Obesity is thought to be associated with a shift away from immune cell metabolism and toward an increase in glucose metabolism. This can increase inflammation and reduce the efficiency of the immune system. This is just another reason to do your best to keep your weight in the normal range.

Fasting Versus Standard Calorie Restriction

Fasting has become a very popular weight loss strategy. Proponents of fasting believe that it results in increased weight loss and improved health in comparison to standard calorie restriction. Does the research literature back this up? A new study has recently been published that I believe allows us to answer this question definitively.

The Study

This investigation is a systematic review and meta-analysis out of Harvard University and was published in the British Medical Journal (Reference #1). This type of study accumulates all available evidence on a given topic and comes up with a statistical summary estimate. This study included 99 randomized trials that compared different types of fasting to standard calorie restriction:

Here are the results for the 2 most commonly practiced forms of fasting:

Whole day fasting: 24 hour food restriction a few days per week.

Time restricted fasting: Limiting eating to a certain window of time each day.

-In both short and long term studies, there was no additional weight loss when comparing these two types of fasting to standard calorie restriction.

-The study looked at the health effects of these diets on risk factors that included blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL triglycerides, HbA1c and fasting glucose. The only significant difference was that the standard calorie restriction diet showed a more favorable effect on total cholesterol than time restricted fasting.

-More than half of the studies that reported side effects recorded adverse reactions to fasting. This included constipation, dizziness, diarrhea, headache, insomnia, low energy, strong feelings of hunger, difficulty concentrating, irritability, fatigue, bad breath, nausea, anxiety, hypoglycemia, cramps and palpitations.

Conclusions And Recommendations

This is a really well-done study by a top research university in a very well-regarded journal. For me the conclusions of this investigation are definitive. Looking at 99 randomized trials, it is clear that whole day fasting and time restricted eating are not better options than standard 3 meal a day calorie restriction.

These fasting methods do not result in additional weight loss, are not associated with improved health and seem to come with a whole host of side effects that don’t look like a lot of fun to me.

If you are trying to lose weight and improve your health, there is really no reason to starve yourself.

References

1) Semnani-Azad Z, et al. Intermittent fasting strategies and their effects of body weight and other cardiometab0lic risk factors. British Medical Journal 2025;389:e082007