If you are trying to cut down on the salt in your diet, it is good to know where it might be coming from. Here are the top 10 sources of sodium in the American diet according to the Center for Disease Control.
Bread and rolls
Pizza
Sandwiches
Cold cuts and
cured meats
Soups
Burritos and tacos
Savory snacks like
chips, popcorn, pretzels and crackers
Chicken
Cheese
Eggs and omelets
The Study
Olive oil has been inversely associated with type 2
diabetes, cardiovascular disease and total mortality in the research
literature. However, because it is so calorie dense, many limit consumption for
fear of weight gain.
In this interesting study, Harvard University looked at olive oil consumption and 4 year weight gain in 121,119 members of the Nurses’ Health Study, Nurses Health Study II and Health Professional Follow-up Study. Subjects were followed for a minimum of 20 years.
The results showed that each ½ tablespoon of olive oil per day was inversely associated with body weight.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2025;121:1149-56
Take Home Message
In this cohort, olive oil consumption did not contribute
to weight gain, but surprisingly was associated with weight loss. The
researchers believed that the monounsaturated fats in olive oil increased
satiety and thermogenesis in these subjects. This would explain the positive
impact that olive oil had on their body weight.
You don’t need to limit olive oil if you are trying to manage your weight. It is one of the healthiest fats you can eat, so include it in your diet often.
The Study
Obesity has been hypothesized to have a negative impact on immune function. In this interesting study, 24 obese and 31 normal weight subjects were fed a standardized diet for 4 weeks and then had a variety of immune factors tested. The subjects were put on the same diet because what we eat can influence our immune system.
The results showed that measures of immune function such as C-reactive protein, T cell activity and white blood cell counts were significantly worse in the obese subjects.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2025;121:1315-27
Take Home Message
Obesity is thought to be associated with a shift away
from immune cell metabolism and toward an increase in glucose metabolism. This
can increase inflammation and reduce the efficiency of the immune system. This
is just another reason to do your best to keep your weight in the normal range.
Fasting has become a very popular weight loss strategy. Proponents of fasting believe that it results in increased weight loss and improved health in comparison to standard calorie restriction. Does the research literature back this up? A new study has recently been published that I believe allows us to answer this question definitively.
The Study
This investigation is a systematic review and meta-analysis out of
Harvard University and was published in the British Medical Journal
(Reference #1). This type of study accumulates all available evidence on a
given topic and comes up with a statistical summary estimate. This study
included 99 randomized trials that compared different types of fasting to
standard calorie restriction:
Here are the results for the 2 most commonly practiced forms of fasting:
Whole day fasting: 24 hour food restriction a few days per week.
Time restricted fasting: Limiting eating to a certain window of time each day.
-In both short and long term studies, there was no additional weight loss when comparing these two types of fasting to standard calorie restriction.
-The study looked at the health effects of these diets on risk factors that included blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL triglycerides, HbA1c and fasting glucose. The only significant difference was that the standard calorie restriction diet showed a more favorable effect on total cholesterol than time restricted fasting.
-More than half of the studies that reported side effects recorded adverse reactions to fasting. This included constipation, dizziness, diarrhea, headache, insomnia, low energy, strong feelings of hunger, difficulty concentrating, irritability, fatigue, bad breath, nausea, anxiety, hypoglycemia, cramps and palpitations.
Conclusions And Recommendations
This is a really well-done study by a top research university in a very
well-regarded journal. For me the conclusions of this investigation are
definitive. Looking at 99 randomized trials, it is clear that whole day fasting
and time restricted eating are not better options than standard 3 meal a day
calorie restriction.
These fasting methods do not result in additional weight loss, are not associated with improved health and seem to come with a whole host of side effects that don’t look like a lot of fun to me.
If you are trying to lose weight and improve your health, there is really no reason to starve yourself.
References
1) Semnani-Azad Z, et al. Intermittent fasting strategies and their
effects of body weight and other cardiometab0lic risk factors. British
Medical Journal 2025;389:e082007
